Decálogo de recomendaciones sobre psicología y deporte juvenil. Documento de consenso / Recommendations for psychology and youth sports. A consensus document

Las organizaciones deportivas involucradas en el deporte-base cuentan con entrenadores, directivos y árbitros cuya actitud, trabajo y dedicación permite deducir que la mayoría son ciudadanos voluntarios con escaso conocimiento sobre la psicología como método de trabajo. Este documento, impulsado por el Programa Talento Deportivo de la Universidad de Navarra y el Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Navarra, aborda el papel de la psicología en el deporte infanto-juvenil y los beneficios que puede aportar a deportistas, padres, entrenadores, árbitros o directivos. También establece un consenso en forma de decálogo y veintisiete recomendaciones con el objetivo de reconocer los beneficios de mejorar el conocimiento psicológico de los distintos perfiles implicados en el deporte-base con el fin de adquirir destrezas que beneficien tanto el rendimiento como el estado psicológico. Su objetivo es proveer unas directrices psicológicas para utilizarlas en el manejo y entrenamiento de los deportistas infanto-juveniles

Sports organisations involved in grassroots sports have trainers, managers and referees whose attitudes, work and dedication show that many of them are volunteers with little knowledge of psychology as a working method. This document, promoted by the Programa Talento Deportivo of the University of Navarra and the Official Association of Psychologists of Navarra, considers the role of psychology in children's and adolescents' sport and the benefits it can offer to sports players, parents, trainers, referees and managers. It also establishes a consensus in the form of a set of guidelines and twenty-seven recommendations. The aim of this consensus is to recognise the benefits of including psychology in the profiles involved in grassroots sport, to enable those involved to acquire skills that can help to improve performance and psychological states, promoting directives to be used when managing and training young sports players

Adaptation of the test of performance strategies competition subscale to spanish / Adaptación al español de la subescala de Competición del Test of Performance Strategies

Background: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the conceptualisation and assessment of athletes’ psychological skills and the study of their impact on sports performance. The aim of this study was to adapt the Test of Performance Strategies 3 competition subscale to the Spanish context. Method: The items included in the original test in English were translated using a double-back method, and the test was completed by a sample of 1,003 Spanish athletes of both sexes. Analyses of the factorial validity, reliability and invariance of the measurement model were carried out. Results: Favourable evidence was obtained for a measurement model comprising 36 items grouped in 9 factors, similar to the original model. Model fit was reasonable for both individual parameters and overall. Reliability rates were satisfactory for the overall test and for each factor. Evidence was also favourable for sex-based measurement model invariance. Conclusions: The adaptation is satisfactory and fit for use by sports psychology researchers and professionals in assessing the psychological skills employed by athletes in competition (AU)

Antecedentes: en los últimos años ha crecido el interés por la conceptualización y la evaluación de las habilidades psicológicas de los deportistas y por el estudio de su relación con el rendimiento deportivo. El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de adaptar al español la subescala de competición del Test of Performance Strategies 3. Método: se siguió un proceso de doble traducción de los ítems del test original en inglés, y se aplicó a una muestra de 1.003 deportistas españoles de ambos sexos. Se realizaron análisis de validez factorial, de fiabilidad y de invarianza del modelo de medida. Resultados: se obtuvo evidencia favorable a un modelo de medida con 36 ítems agrupados en 9 factores, semejante al modelo original. El ajuste del modelo fue razonable a nivel individual de cada parámetro y a nivel global. Los índices de fiabilidad fueron satisfactorios para el total del test y para cada uno de sus factores. También se obtuvieron evidencias favorables a la invarianza del modelo de medida en función del sexo. Conclusiones: la adaptación realizada es satisfactoria y puede ser utilizada por investigadores y profesionales de la psicología del deporte para evaluar las habilidades psicológicas que los deportistas emplean en la competición (AU)

From Talent to High Performance: The view of coaches, players and club coordinators on the relevant factors in the development of a Basketball player / Del Talento al Alto Rendimiento deportivo: El punto de vista de los jugadores, entrenadores y coordinadores del club en los factores relevantes en el desarrollo de un jugador de baloncesto / Do Talento ao Alto Rendimento: A visão de treinadores, jogadores e coordenadores sobre os fatores relevantes no desenvolvimento de um jogador de basquetebol

The main goal of this study was to identify a set of factors considered relevant by basketball experts in a young player's route to high performance. The impossibility of choosing one as the most preponderant factor comes from the complex interaction between the different areas that influence the long development path of athletes to sport expertise. Our sample consisted of 14 coaches (7 of men's level and 7 of youth level), 7 players and 7 club coordinators who were asked to give their view on the subject by means of an interview. One of the main conclusions was the decisive influence of environmental factors, especially the family and coaches' influence, both as promoters of the beginning of the activity and as the maintenance in it. Psychological factors - athlete's work ethic and surpassing capacity - were also referred as having a great role on this issue. Technical, tactical and physical factors (in this order of importance) come as an asset to the young athlete. Finally, we conclude that the training process should be defying and constantly adjusted to the athlete's needs, creating stimulus that allow the young player to develop strategies to read and understand of the game, as well as decision making processes. Te context where the athlete is inserted, as well as the psychological aspects and knowledge of the game must be considered the most relevant factors (AU)

El objetivo principal de este estudio fue identificar un conjunto de factores considerados relevantes por los expertos de baloncesto en la ruta de un joven jugador de alto rendimiento. La imposibilidad de elegir uno como el factor más preponderante proviene de la compleja interacción entre las diferentes áreas que influyen en el camino de desarrollo a largo de los atletas a la experiencia deportiva. Nuestra muestra fue constituida por 14 entrenadores (7 del nivel de los hombres y el 7 de categoría juvenil), 7 jugadores y 7 coordinadores del club que proporcionaran su opinión sobre el tema por medio de una entrevista. Una de las principales conclusiones fue la decisiva influencia de los factores ambientales, especialmente la influencia de la familia y entrenadores, ambos como promotores de la inicio de la actividad y como el mantenimiento en el mismo. Los factores psicológicos - ética de trabajo del atleta y la capacidad de superación - también fueron referidos como teniendo un gran papel en este tema. Los factores técnicos, tácticos y físicos (en este orden de importancia) son considerados un activo para el joven atleta. Por último, llegamos a la conclusión de que el proceso de formación debe ser constantemente desafiante y ajustarse a las necesidades del atleta, debe proporcionar la creación de estímulos que permitan al joven jugador desarrollar estrategias para leer y entender del juego, así como los procesos de toma de decisiones. El contexto en el que se inserta el atleta, así como los aspectos psicológicos y conocimiento del juego se deben considerar los factores más relevantes (AU)

O principal objetivo deste estudo foi identificar um conjunto de fatores considerados relevantes por especialistas de basquetebol no percurso de um jovem jogador para o alto rendimento. A impossibilidade de escolher um único fator como o mais preponderante advém da complexa interação entre as diversas áreas que influenciam o caminho de desenvolvimento de longo dos atletas à experiência esportiva. A nossa amostra foi constituída por 14 treinadores (7 de nível dos homens e 7 do nível da juventude), 7 jogadores e 7 coordenadores do clube que foram convidados a dar a sua opinião sobre o tema por meio de uma entrevista. Uma das principais conclusões foi a influência decisiva de fatores ambientais, especialmente a influência da família e treinadores, ambos como promotores do início da atividade e quanto à manutenção na modalidade. Os fatores psicológicos - ética de trabalho do atleta e capacidade de superação - também foram referidos como tendo um grande papel nesta questão. Fatores técnicos, táticos e físicos (por esta ordem de importância) são considerados mais-valias para o jovem atleta. Finalmente, podemos concluir que o processo de formação deve ser desafiante e constantemente ajustado às necessidades do atleta, criando estímulos que permitam ao jovem jogador desenvolver estratégias de leitura e compreensão do jogo, bem como os processos de tomada de decisão. O contexto em que o atleta está inserido, bem como os aspetos psicológicos e conhecimento do jogo devem ser considerados os fatores mais relevantes (AU)

Inside game ball transitions according to players' specific positions in NBA basketball / Transiciones de balón del juego interior en función de la posición específica de los jugadores en baloncesto NBA / Transições da bola de jogo interior de acordo com o jogador posição específica em basquete NBA

The purposes of this study were to identify players' relationships and detecting ball transitions patterns according to their specific position when using inside pass, in the National Basketball Association (NBA) competition. In total, 808 inside passes (ball possession score differences below 10 points) from 25 matches (NBA Playofs, 2011) were analysed through systematic observation. A decision tree analysis (Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection) was used to identify ball transitions patterns regarding specific players' position (roots) and passer-receiver interactions (predictors). We detected strong pass and reception sequences of movements according to players' specific position, especially when including interactions between perimeter and post players. Game conditions such as reception zone, pass distance, reception attitude, and defensive helps were also influenced by players' position. Current results point out the outside-inside coordination as an essential key to success in the NBA. It is recommended developing game dynamics focused in taking advantage of the high- and low-post positions, as well as performing supporting actions in the weak side to enhance inside pass options. These findings may have implications in basketball training and competition process, contributing in a better understanding of collective strategies which leads to an accurate designing of practices task focused on increasing inside game options and players' decision-making according to specific competition constraints (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las relaciones entre los jugadores y detectar los patrones de transición del balón en función de la posición específica de juego durante el uso del pase interior en la National Basketball Association (NBA). Se analizaron un total de 808 pases interiores (diferencia en el marcador por debajo de 10 puntos) correspondientes a 25 partidos (Playofs de la NBA, 2011) a través de observación sistemática. Se utilizó un análisis de árbol decisional (Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection) para identificar los patrones de transición de la pelota en función de la posición específica de los jugadores (raíces) y las interacciones pasador-receptor (predictores). Se detectaron secuencias de movimientos bien definidas entre pasador y receptor de acuerdo a sus posiciones de juego, especialmente si se incluían relaciones entre jugadores del perímetro y del poste. Las condiciones del juego como la zona de recepción, distancia de pase, actitud del receptor, y las ayudas defensivas estuvieron influenciadas por las posiciones de los jugadores. Estos resultados señalan la coordinación del juego exterior-interior como un aspecto esencial para el éxito en la NBA. Se recomienda desarrollar un juego dinámico centrado en aprovechar la ventaja de las posiciones de poste alto y poste bajo, así como realizar acciones de apoyo en el lado débil para aumentar las opciones de pase interior. Las conclusiones del presente estudio podrían por tanto tener implicaciones en el proceso de entrenamiento y competición de baloncesto, contribuyendo al entendimiento de las estrategias colectivas de los jugadores y con ello al diseño de tareas de práctica centradas en el aumento de las opciones de juego interior y a la mejora de la toma de decisiones de los jugadores que respondan a las demandas específicas de la competición (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as relações entre jogadores e detectar padrões de transição da bola de acordo com o jogador posição específica em uso de passe interior em National Basketball Association (NBA). Foram analisados um total de 808 passes interiores (diferença na pontuação abaixo de 10 pontos) por 25 jogos (NBA Playofs, 2011) através da observação sistemática. A análise da árvore de decisão (Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection) foi utilizado para identificar padrões de transição da bola dependendo do jogador posição específica (raízes) e passador-receptor interações (preditoras). Sequências de movimentos bem definidos entre passer e receptor de acordo com suas posições de jogo, especialmente se as relações entre os jogadores de perímetro e poste incluídos foram detectados. As condições de jogo como a área de recepção, distância para passar, atitude do receptor, e as ajudas defensivas foram influenciados pelas posições dos jogadores. Estes resultados indicam a coordenação do jogo de fora para dentro, como um aspecto essencial para o sucesso na NBA. Recomenda-se a desenvolver um jogo dinâmico centrado aproveitar as posições do pólo de poste alto e baixo, bem como as ações de apoio ao lado fraco para aumentar dentro opções de passagem. Os resultados deste estudo poderiam, portanto, ter implicações para o processo de treinamento e competição de basquete, contribuindo para a compreensão das estratégias coletivas dos jogadores e, assim, a prática do design tarefa focada em opções aumentando dentro do jogo e melhorar a tomada de decisão dos jogadores que atendam às demandas específicas da competição (AU)

Child and adolescent sports psychiatry in the US.

A positive youth sports experience is essential if an athlete is to develop a lifelong commitment to sport. Children enjoy play and adults can create opportunities for physical, emotional, and cognitive development through sport for all children. This article reviews the current state of youth sports in the US, highlighting some of the problems of the current model and efforts to transform and improve the youth sports experience in the US. The new model of youth sports emphasizes the importance of developing 'physical literacy' in all young athletes, increasing availability of recreational sports activities, providing quality coaching to all, improved sports safety, improved availability of sports venues for athletes at all levels, and at an affordable cost for all. The US Olympic Committee, following an innovative programme by USA Hockey, has developed and promoted the American Developmental Model to its component Sport National Governing Boards to improve the experience of young athletes. The sports-informed paediatric psychiatrist, knowledgeable about child and family development and aware of the local youth sports opportunities and challenges, is well prepared to advocate for a healthy and fun sport experience for every young athlete.

Two baselines are better than one: Improving the reliability of computerized testing in sports neuropsychology.

Computerized neuropsychological tests are frequently used to assist in return-to-play decisions following sports concussion. However, due to concerns about test reliability, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends yearly baseline testing. The standard practice that has developed in baseline/postinjury comparisons is to examine the difference between the most recent baseline test and postconcussion performance. Drawing from classical test theory, the present study investigated whether temporal stability could be improved by taking an alternate approach that uses the aggregate of 2 baselines to more accurately estimate baseline cognitive ability. One hundred fifteen English-speaking professional hockey players with 3 consecutive Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Testing (ImPACT) baseline tests were extracted from a clinical program evaluation database overseen by the National Hockey League and National Hockey League Players' Association. The temporal stability of ImPACT composite scores was significantly increased by aggregating test performance during Sessions 1 and 2 to predict performance during Session 3. Using this approach, the 2-factor Memory (r = .72) and Speed (r = .79) composites of ImPACT showed acceptable long-term reliability. Using the aggregate of 2 baseline scores significantly improves temporal stability and allows for more accurate predictions of cognitive change following concussion. Clinicians are encouraged to estimate baseline abilities by taking into account all of an athlete's previous baseline scores.

Research and analysis in sport economics and management / Investigación y análisis de la gestión y economía del deporte

This is an introductory article to the present supplement where it is presented a total of 23 research papers, which has been discussed within the VII Iberoamerican Congress of Economics and Management of Sport, where it will be see the standards of quality and scientific rigor usual in these disciplines, which will contribute to a greater and better understanding of the economic dimension of sport in its different perspectives. In this way, it is important to emphasize the integrative nature of the selected works, which reinforce the interdisciplinary and integrating perspective research on issues relating to sport and physical activity. The research areas are as follows, sports psychology, sports economics, sports management and sports marketing institutions among others

Se trata de un artículo de introducción al presente suplemento, en él se presenta un total de 23 trabajos de investigación, los cuales se han tratado en el VII Congreso Iberoamericano de Economía y Gestión del Deporte, en ellos se pueden observar los estándares de calidad y rigor científico habituales en estas disciplinas, con ello esperamos contribuir a una mayor y mejor comprensión de las diferentes perspectivas de la dimensión económica del deporte. De esta manera, es importante hacer hincapié en la naturaleza integradora de las obras seleccionadas, las cuales refuerzan la perspectiva de la investigación en temas relacionados con el deporte y la actividad física. Las áreas de investigación son las siguientes, psicología del deporte, economía del deporte, gestión del deporte y marketing del deporte entre otros

Historia de la Psicología del Deporte / No disponible

La Psicología del Deporte es un área relativamente joven, cuyo objeto de estudio lo constituyen las particularidades psicológicas de la actividad deportiva y del deportista. Cuando hablamos de Psicología del Deporte puede parecernos una cuestión reciente la unión entre la psicología -de por sí reciente- y el deporte, entendiéndose que la aplicación de la psicología en el deporte es una cuestión de hace pocos años y, de ningún modo, una cuestión que se pueda abordar con perspectiva histórica. En nuestro repaso histórico estableceremos los siguientes periodos: (1) comienzos, de 1879 a 1919, (2) periodo entre guerras, de1920 a 1945, (3) antes del Primer Congreso Mundial, de 1946 a 1964, (4) consolidación, de 1965 a 1985 y (5) reconocimiento oficial, de1986 hasta nuestros días. Concluimos con una sinopsis de la historia de la Psicología del Deporte en España

Sport Psychology is a relatively young area, which studies what are the psychological peculiarities of the sport and the athlete. When we speak of Sport Psychology it may seem a recent issue marriage between psychology -of itself recently- and sport, provided that the application of psychology in sport is a matter of a few years ago and, by no means a issue that can be addressed from a historical perspective. In our historical review we will establish the following periods: (1) beginning, from 1879 to1919, (2) interwar period of 1920-1945, (3) before the First World Congress, from 1946 to1964 (4) consolidation, from 1965 to 1985 and (5) official recognition, 1986 until today. We conclude with an overview of the history of Sport Psychology in Spain